Siemens biography 16 specsavers
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Why Sketching May Aid Learning From Science Texts: Contrasting Sketching With Written Explanations.
PubMed
Scheiter, Katharina; Schleinschok, Katrin; Ainsworth, Shaaron
2017-10-01
The goal of this study was to explore two accounts for why sketching during learning from text is helpful: (1) sketching acts like other constructive strategies such as self-explanation because it helps learners to identify relevant information and generate inferences; or (2) that in addition to these general effects, sketching has more specific benefits due to the pictorial representation that is constructed. Seventy-three seventh-graders (32 girls, M = 12.82 years) were first taught how to either create sketches or self-explain while studying science texts. During a subsequent learning phase, all students were asked to read an expository text about the greenhouse effect. Finally, they were asked to write down everything they remembered and then answer transfer questions. Strategy quality during learning was assessed as the number of key concepts that had either been sketched or mentioned in the self-explanations. The results showed that at an overall performance level there were only marginal group differences. However, a more in-depth analysis revealed that whereas no group differences emerge
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The prevalence of uncorrected refractiveerrors in underserved rural areas.
PubMed
Hashemi, Hassan; Abbastabar, Hedayat; Yekta, Abbasali; Heydarian, Samira; Khabazkhoob, Mehdi
2017-12-01
To determine the prevalence of uncorrected refractiveerrors, need for spectacles, and the determinants of unmet need in underserved rural areas of Iran. In a cross-sectional study, multistage cluster sampling was done in 2 underserved rural areas of Iran. Then, all subjects underwent vision testing and ophthalmic examinations including the measurement of uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best corrected visual acuity, visual acuity with current spectacles, auto-refraction, retinoscopy, and subjective refraction. Need for spectacles was defined as UCVA worse than 20/40 in the better eye that could be corrected to better than 20/40 with suitable spectacles. Of the 3851 selected individuals, 3314 participated in the study. Among participants, 18.94% [95% confidence intervals (CI): 13.48-24.39] needed spectacles and 11.23% (95% CI: 7.57-14.89) had an unmet need. The prevalence of need for spectacles was 46.8% and 23.8% in myopic and hyperopic participants, respectively. The prevalence of unmet need was 27% in myopic, 15.8% in hyperopic, and 25.46% in astigmatic participants. Multiple logistic r
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